ngosangns Knowledge Base

Irregular Verbs

#english#grammar

Updated: 2026-09-23

Động từ bất quy tắc nhóm theo mẫu chia: AAA (cả ba dạng giống nhau), ABA (V3 quay lại giống V1), ABB (V2 và V3 giống nhau), ABC (cả ba dạng khác nhau). Các dạng nối bằng / đều được chấp nhận.

Nhóm một giữ nguyên ba dạng, như cut, put, set và hit. Nhóm hai đưa V3 về V1, như run, ran, run và become, became, become. Nhóm ba cho V2 trùng V3, như buy, bought, bought và bring, brought, brought. Nhóm bốn đổi cả ba, như go, went, gone và see, saw, seen.

Nhóm 1 — Cả ba dạng giống nhau (V1 = V2 = V3)

V1 (Base) V2 (Past) V3 (Past Participle) Nghĩa tiếng Việt Ví dụ
beset beset beset bao vây, bủa vây The hikers were beset by a sudden storm.
bespread bespread bespread trải khắp, rải khắp (cách dùng cổ/thi vị) Darkness bespread the land at nightfall.
bet bet bet đặt cược He bet a small amount of money on the match.
burst burst burst nổ, vỡ tung The balloon burst in her hands.
cast cast cast quăng, ném, tung, đúc (khuôn) They cast the statue in bronze.
cost cost cost có giá, tốn (tiền) The meal cost more than we expected.
cut cut cut cắt She cut the paper into small pieces.
hit hit hit đánh, đụng, va She hit the ball over the fence.
hurt hurt hurt làm đau, tổn thương I hurt my knee while playing football.
intercut intercut intercut cắt xen (trong phim ảnh, video) The director intercut flashback scenes into the main sequence.
let let let để cho, cho phép Please let me know your decision.
lip-read lip-read lip-read đọc khẩu hình She learned to lip-read after losing her hearing.
miscast miscast miscast chọn sai diễn viên (cho một vai diễn) Many critics felt the lead role was miscast in the movie.
mishit mishit mishit đánh hụt, đánh sai (thường thể thao) The tennis player mishit the ball under pressure.
misread misread misread đọc nhầm She misread the instructions and assembled the device incorrectly.
offset offset offset bù đắp, bù trừ The company offset its travel expenses by reducing office costs.
outbid outbid outbid trả giá cao hơn (trong đấu giá) She outbid everyone at the auction to get the painting.
proofread proofread proofread hiệu đính, đọc và sửa lỗi văn bản She proofread the entire manuscript before submission.
put put put đặt, để She put the dishes in the cupboard.
read read read (cách phát âm quá khứ /red/) đọc She read the entire book in one day.
rebid rebid rebid đấu thầu lại, trả giá lại The company rebid for the contract after losing the first time.
rebroadcast rebroadcast rebroadcast phát lại (chương trình) They rebroadcast the show a week later by popular demand.
rid rid rid giải thoát, loại bỏ They want to rid the house of insects.
set set set đặt, để, thiết lập He set the alarm for 6 AM.
shut shut shut đóng, khép Please shut the door quietly.
slit slit slit rạch, cắt dọc She slit the envelope open carefully.
split split split tách, chia rẽ They split the bill evenly at the restaurant.
spread spread spread trải, lan rộng The news spread rapidly across the town.
sublet sublet sublet cho thuê lại She sublet her apartment while studying abroad.
thrust thrust thrust thọc, đẩy mạnh She thrust the door open with force.
underbid underbid underbid trả giá thấp hơn (đấu giá, đấu thầu) They lost the contract because a rival company underbid them.
undercut undercut undercut cắt giá, bán rẻ hơn; làm suy yếu The new store undercut its competitors’ prices.
upset upset upset làm đổ, làm khó chịu The child upset the glass of water on the table.

Nhóm 2 — V1 và V3 giống nhau (V1 = V3 ≠ V2)

V1 (Base) V2 (Past) V3 (Past Participle) Nghĩa tiếng Việt Ví dụ
become became become trở nên, trở thành She became a famous singer last year.
come came come đến They came to the meeting late.
forerun foreran forerun đi trước, báo hiệu (rất ít dùng) Dark clouds often forerun a storm.
outrun outran outrun chạy nhanh hơn He outran everyone in the final sprint.
overcome overcame overcome vượt qua They overcame all the obstacles to succeed.
run ran run chạy She ran five kilometers before breakfast.
underrun underran underrun chạy dưới (mức), hoặc di chuyển lướt bên dưới (rất ít gặp) The boat underran the pier in a sudden maneuver. (hiếm)

Nhóm 3 — V2 và V3 giống nhau (V2 = V3 ≠ V1)

V1 (Base) V2 (Past) V3 (Past Participle) Nghĩa tiếng Việt Ví dụ
abide abode/abided abode/abided chịu đựng / ở lại I can’t abide his rude behavior anymore.
babysit babysat babysat trông trẻ She babysat her neighbor’s kids last weekend.
behold beheld beheld nhìn ngắm, chứng kiến (cách dùng cổ / trang trọng) They beheld a magnificent sunset over the mountains.
bend bent bent uốn cong, bẻ cong He bent the metal bar with his hands.
bereave bereft/bereaved bereft/bereaved lấy đi, làm mất (thường liên quan đến mất mát, tang tóc) The disaster bereft many families of their homes.
beseech besought/beseeched besought/beseeched van xin, cầu khẩn They besought the king for mercy.
bind bound bound buộc, trói She bound the boxes together with rope.
bleed bled bled chảy máu He cut himself and his finger bled.
blend blent/blended blent/blended trộn, pha (dạng “blent” rất ít dùng) She blended different fruits to make a smoothie.
bless blest/blessed blest/blessed ban phước, chúc phúc The priest blessed the congregation at the end of the service.
breastfeed breastfed breastfed cho con bú She breastfed her baby for six months.
breed bred bred nuôi dưỡng, gây giống They bred horses on their farm.
bring brought brought mang, đem He brought his friends to the party.
build built built xây dựng They built a new library in town.
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned đốt, cháy He burned the old letters in the fireplace.
bust bust/busted bust/busted làm bể, bắt giữ (khẩu ngữ) He busted his phone when it fell off the table.
buy bought bought mua She bought a new laptop yesterday.
catch caught caught bắt, chộp He caught the ball with one hand.
cling clung clung bám chặt, dính chặt The child clung to his mother’s arm.
clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad mặc quần áo, che phủ The statues were clad in ceremonial robes.
creep crept crept bò, trườn, rón rén He crept into the room so as not to wake anyone.
crossbreed crossbred crossbred lai tạo giống (động vật, thực vật) They crossbred two different rose species to get a new color.
daydream daydreamt/daydreamed daydreamt/daydreamed mơ mộng (ban ngày) He daydreamed in class about his next holiday.
deal dealt dealt giải quyết, giao dịch She dealt with the problem efficiently.
dig dug dug đào They dug a hole for the fence post.
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed mơ He dreamt of becoming a professional athlete.
dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled trú ngụ, ở They dwelt in a small cottage by the river.
feed fed fed cho ăn She fed the baby every two hours.
feel felt felt cảm thấy I felt tired after working all day.
fight fought fought chiến đấu, đánh nhau They fought bravely in the war.
find found found tìm thấy She found her lost keys under the couch.
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted vừa vặn, hợp (cỡ, khuôn) The new shoes fit him perfectly.
forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted dự báo They forecast rain for the entire weekend.
foretell foretold foretold tiên đoán, dự báo The oracle foretold the hero’s destiny.
hang hung hung treo, mắc He hung his coat on the rack.
have had had có, ăn (trong một số ngữ cảnh) She had breakfast at 7 AM.
hear heard heard nghe I heard a strange noise last night.
hold held held cầm, nắm, giữ He held the baby carefully in his arms.
inbreed inbred inbred giao phối cận huyết, tự lai giống Inbred populations can have a higher risk of genetic disorders.
input input/inputted input/inputted nhập (dữ liệu) She input all the customer details into the new system.
interbreed interbred interbred lai giống, giao phối chéo These two species sometimes interbred in the wild.
keep kept kept giữ, duy trì She kept all her old letters in a box.
kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled quỳ gối She knelt down to speak to the child.
knit knit/knitted knit/knitted đan (len) She knitted a warm scarf for her friend.
lay laid laid đặt, để, trải She laid the books on the table.
lead led led dẫn dắt, lãnh đạo He led the team to victory.
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned tựa, nghiêng She leaned against the wall to rest.
leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped nhảy vọt The cat leapt onto the windowsill.
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned học He learnt a new language in six months.
leave left left rời khỏi, để lại They left the party early.
lend lent lent cho vay, cho mượn She lent me her umbrella.
light lit/lighted lit/lighted thắp sáng, đốt She lit a candle during the power outage.
lose lost lost mất, thua They lost their keys in the park.
make made made làm, chế tạo She made a cake for his birthday.
mean meant meant có nghĩa là, dự định I meant to call you earlier but got busy.
meet met met gặp gỡ, hội ngộ We met at the conference last year.
misdeal misdealt misdealt chia bài sai After he misdealt the cards twice, they asked someone else to deal.
mishear misheard misheard nghe nhầm I misheard the address and went to the wrong street.
mislay mislaid mislaid để lạc mất I mislaid my glasses somewhere in the house.
mislead misled misled lừa dối, làm cho hiểu lầm The advertisement misled many consumers about the product’s benefits.
mislearn mislearnt/mislearned mislearnt/mislearned học sai He had mislearnt the formula, causing errors in his calculations.
misspell misspelt/misspelled misspelt/misspelled viết sai chính tả He often misspelt common words like “receive” and “separate.”
misspend misspent misspent tiêu xài, sử dụng (tiền bạc, thời gian) sai cách She regretted having misspent her youth on frivolous activities.
misstrike misstruck misstruck đánh trượt hoặc gõ nhầm (cực hiếm) He misstruck the key on the piano during the performance.
misteach mistaught mistaught dạy sai The teacher realized she had mistaught a key concept.
outbreed outbred outbred lai xa, lai vượt trội (sinh học) This new strain of plant outbred the older varieties rapidly.
outfight outfought outfought đánh giỏi hơn, thắng thế The underdog team outfought the reigning champions.
outleap outleapt/outleaped outleapt/outleaped nhảy xa hơn (rất ít dùng) The athlete outleapt his opponent by a wide margin.
outsell outsold outsold bán chạy hơn Their new product outsold all the competitors’ versions.
outshine outshone outshone toả sáng hơn, nổi bật hơn Her performance outshone all the others on stage.
outshoot outshot outshot bắn giỏi hơn, bắn xa hơn The experienced hunter outshot everyone in the contest.
outsit outsat outsat ngồi lâu hơn (ai đó) Determined to win, he outsat every other participant in the endurance challenge.
outsleep outslept outslept ngủ lâu hơn On weekends, she always outsleeps her roommates.
outsmell outsmelt/outsmelled outsmelt/outsmelled đánh hơi thính hơn A trained dog will easily outsmell a human in tracking scents.
overbuild overbuilt overbuilt xây quá nhiều / xây vượt mức They overbuilt the resort, leading to many empty rooms.
overbuy overbought overbought mua quá nhiều She overbought groceries and couldn’t fit them in her fridge.
overhang overhung overhung nhô ra, chìa ra The cliff overhung the valley below.
overhear overheard overheard nghe lỏm, tình cờ nghe I overheard their conversation in the next room.
overshoot overshot overshot đi quá đích, vượt quá mục tiêu The plane overshot the runway in bad weather.
overspend overspent overspent chi tiêu quá mức They overspent their budget on marketing.
overspill overspilled/overspilt overspilled/overspilt tràn ra ngoài (chất lỏng, dân cư…) The crowd overspilled into the neighboring streets.
overwind overwound overwound lên dây (đồng hồ) quá căng, làm hỏng lò xo (rất ít gặp hiện nay) He overwound the old watch, causing it to break.
pay paid paid trả tiền He paid for dinner last night.
rebind rebound rebound đóng lại (sách), buộc lại The old book was rebound with a new leather cover.
relearn relearnt/relearned relearnt/relearned học lại He had to relearn how to walk after the accident.
resend resent resent gửi lại She resent the email because the first one bounced.
reshoot reshot reshot quay lại (cảnh phim, video) The director reshot the final scene for better lighting.
rewind rewound rewound tua lại (băng, video) She rewound the tape to watch the scene again.
say said said nói He said he would be late.
seek sought sought tìm kiếm She sought advice from her teacher.
sell sold sold bán He sold his old car last week.
send sent sent gửi She sent a letter to her parents.
shine shone shone chiếu sáng, toả sáng The sun shone brightly all day.
shoe shod shod đóng giày, đóng móng (ngựa) The blacksmith shod the horses before the journey.
shoot shot shot bắn, quay phim/chụp ảnh (trong một số ngữ cảnh) He shot an arrow at the target.
sleep slept slept ngủ He slept for eight hours last night.
slide slid slid trượt, lướt She slid across the ice gracefully.
sling slung slung ném, quăng (theo vòng cung), treo lên He slung the bag over his shoulder.
slink slunk slunk lẻn đi, len lén bỏ đi He slunk out of the room to avoid attention.
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled ngửi, có mùi The flowers smelt wonderful in the morning air.
speed sped/speeded sped/speeded tăng tốc, chạy nhanh The car sped down the highway.
spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled đánh vần She spelled her name for the receptionist.
spend spent spent tiêu xài, dành (thời gian) He spent all his savings on a new laptop.
spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled làm đổ She spilt her coffee on the table.
spin spun spun quay tròn, xoay The dancer spun gracefully on her toes.
spit spat/spit spat/spit khạc, nhổ He spat out the bitter medicine.
spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled làm hỏng, làm hư (đồ ăn, tính cách) The fruit spoiled quickly in the heat.
stand stood stood đứng They stood in line for tickets.
stave stove/staved stove/staved đập vỡ, chọc thủng (thường dùng dạng “stave in”) The sailors staved in the barrel to get the food out.
stick stuck stuck dán, dính, mắc kẹt He stuck the poster on the wall.
sting stung stung chích, đốt (côn trùng) The bee stung him on the arm.
string strung strung xâu, treo (dây), chăng dây He strung the guitar with new strings.
sunburn sunburnt/sunburned sunburnt/sunburned rám nắng, cháy nắng He got badly sunburnt after a day at the beach.
sweat sweat/sweated sweat/sweated đổ mồ hôi He sweat heavily after running five kilometers.
sweep swept swept quét She swept the floor before guests arrived.
swing swung swung đung đưa, lúc lắc, đánh đu The children swung on the playground swings.
teach taught taught dạy He taught English at a local school.
tell told told kể, nói He told me an interesting story.
think thought thought suy nghĩ They thought about the problem for hours.
unbend unbent unbent duỗi thẳng, làm cho bớt cứng nhắc He tried to unbend the bent metal rod.
unbind unbound unbound cởi trói, tháo gỡ They unbound the packages carefully.
unclothe unclothed/unclad unclothed/unclad cởi quần áo, lột trần (nghĩa trang trọng / cổ) The statue was unclothed to be restored by the sculptor.
underbuild underbuilt underbuilt xây thiếu (tiêu chuẩn), xây ít so với nhu cầu The developer underbuilt the roads, causing traffic problems later.
underfeed underfed underfed cho ăn không đủ The rescued animals had been underfed for weeks.
underlay underlaid underlaid lót bên dưới, đặt một lớp dưới (không nên nhầm với danh từ “underlay”) They underlaid the carpet with thick padding.
undersell undersold undersold bán hạ giá hơn (đối thủ) They undersold all other retailers in the area.
understand understood understood hiểu She understood the instructions perfectly.
unlearn unlearnt/unlearned unlearnt/unlearned gột bỏ điều đã học (thường là thói quen xấu hoặc hiểu nhầm) It took time to unlearn his old prejudices.
unmake unmade unmade tháo gỡ, hủy bỏ, làm cho tan vỡ No one can unmake the damage caused by those decisions.
unspin unspun unspun tháo sợi, gỡ sợi (gần như không gặp trong thực tế; chỉ thấy trong từ điển mở rộng) The machine unspun the twisted threads.
unstring unstrung unstrung tháo dây, gỡ dây (nhạc cụ, cung tên…) He unstrung the violin after the performance.
unteach untaught untaught xóa bỏ kiến thức/khái niệm đã dạy (rất hiếm) They tried to unteach harmful stereotypes.
unthink unthought unthought “ngừng nghĩ” (về cái gì), rút lại ý nghĩ (cổ/hiếm) Once you know the truth, you can’t simply unthink it.
unwind unwound unwound tháo ra, thư giãn He unwound the rope before sailing.
uphold upheld upheld ủng hộ, duy trì (phán quyết, giá trị) The court upheld the original ruling.
waylay waylaid waylaid chặn đường, mai phục They were waylaid by robbers on the way home.
wed wed/wedded wed/wedded kết hôn (thường dùng trong văn trang trọng) They were wed in a small ceremony.
weep wept wept khóc thổn thức She wept when she heard the sad news.
wet wet/wetted wet/wetted làm ướt He accidentally wet his shirt while washing dishes.
win won won thắng They won the championship last year.
withhold withheld withheld giữ lại, từ chối cung cấp He withheld important information from the police.
withstand withstood withstood chịu đựng, chống cự The walls withstood the impact of the flood.
wring wrung wrung vặn, siết, vắt She wrung the water out of the cloth.

Nhóm 4 — Cả ba dạng khác nhau (V1 ≠ V2 ≠ V3)

V1 (Base) V2 (Past) V3 (Past Participle) Nghĩa tiếng Việt Ví dụ
arise arose arisen nảy sinh, xuất hiện New problems arose during the project.
awake awoke awoken thức tỉnh, đánh thức He awoke from a deep sleep.
backbite backbit backbitten nói xấu sau lưng They always backbite their colleagues instead of resolving issues directly.
backslide backslid backslid/backslidden tái phạm, lại sa ngã (thường về mặt đạo đức) He tried to quit gambling but eventually backslid into old habits.
be was/were been thì, là, ở She was very happy yesterday.
bear bore borne/born chịu đựng, sinh ra She bore all the hardships without complaint.
beat beat beaten đánh, đập He beat the drum loudly in the parade.
befall befell befallen xảy đến (thường mang ý nghĩa không may) A terrible fate befell the kingdom.
beget begot begotten sinh ra, gây ra (cách dùng cổ / trang trọng) These circumstances begot further complications.
begin began begun bắt đầu They began work early in the morning.
bespeak bespoke bespoken cho thấy, chứng tỏ; đặt làm riêng (nghĩa hiện đại trong “bespoke”) Her confident manner bespoke a strong personality.
bestride bestrode bestridden cưỡi, dạng chân qua (nghĩa cổ/trang trọng) He bestrode his horse and rode off into the distance.
betake betook betaken (tự) đi đến (cách dùng cổ / trang trọng) He betook himself to the library for quiet study.
bide bode/bided bided chờ đợi (cách dùng cổ) He decided to bide his time before making a move.
bite bit bitten cắn The dog bit his hand.
blow blew blown thổi The wind blew the leaves off the trees.
break broke broken làm vỡ, gãy She broke the glass by accident.
browbeat browbeat browbeaten dọa nạt, ép buộc The witness was browbeaten by the lawyer.
choose chose chosen chọn She chose the red dress for the party.
cleave cleft/cleaved/clove cleft/cleaved/cloven chẻ, tách (cách dùng khác “dính chặt” cũng tồn tại nhưng rất hiếm) He cleft the log with one strong swing of the axe.
crow crowed/crew crowed gáy (gà), reo mừng (nghĩa bóng) The rooster crowed at dawn.
dive dived/dove dived lặn, lao xuống He dove off the high board into the swimming pool.
do did done làm He did his homework before dinner.
draw drew drawn vẽ, kéo She drew a portrait of her friend.
drink drank drunk uống She drank a glass of water after her run.
drive drove driven lái xe He drove across the country with his family.
eat ate eaten ăn They ate lunch together at a new restaurant.
fall fell fallen ngã, rơi He fell off his bike but wasn’t hurt.
fly flew flown bay He flew to Paris for a business trip.
forbid forbade forbidden cấm They forbade him to enter the laboratory.
forego (hoặc forgo) forewent foregone từ bỏ, kiêng cữ (thường dùng dạng “forgo”) She decided to forgo dessert to stay healthy.
foresee foresaw foreseen thấy trước, đoán trước He foresaw the company’s success and invested early.
forget forgot forgotten quên She forgot her wallet at home.
forgive forgave forgiven tha thứ He forgave her mistake quickly.
freeze froze frozen (làm) đông cứng The lake froze overnight.
frostbite frostbit frostbitten làm tê cóng, gây bỏng lạnh His fingers were frostbitten after hours in the snow.
get got got/gotten có được, lấy được He got a promotion last month.
ghostwrite ghostwrote ghostwritten viết thuê (sách, bài) dưới tên người khác She ghostwrote the celebrity’s autobiography.
give gave given cho, đưa She gave him a birthday present.
go went gone đi They went to the beach last weekend.
grow grew grown mọc, lớn lên, trồng She grew beautiful roses in her garden.
handwrite handwrote handwritten viết tay He handwrote the invitations for a personal touch.
hide hid hidden giấu, ẩn nấp He hid the present under the bed.
interweave interwove/interweaved interwoven/interweaved đan xen, pha trộn The novel interweaves multiple storylines.
know knew known biết, quen biết He knew the answer immediately.
lade laded laden/laded chất, bốc (hàng) (cách dùng cổ / văn chương) They laded the cargo onto the ship at dawn.
lie (nghĩa: nằm) lay lain nằm He lay on the sofa all afternoon.
misdo misdid misdone làm sai, thực hiện sai (rất hiếm) He apologized because he had misdone his duties.
misgive misgave misgiven gây lo âu, nghi ngờ (cách dùng rất hiếm) Something in his tone misgave her about his intentions.
misspeak misspoke misspoken nói nhầm He apologized after he misspoke during the press conference.
mistake mistook mistaken nhầm lẫn He mistook her for her twin sister.
miswrite miswrote miswritten viết sai (lỗi chính tả, lỗi câu) He miswrote the email address, so the message never arrived.
mow mowed mown/mowed cắt (cỏ) He mowed the lawn every weekend.
outdo outdid outdone làm giỏi hơn, vượt trội He always tries to outdo his previous achievements.
outdraw outdrew outdrawn rút (súng/bút) nhanh hơn; thu hút nhiều hơn The new blockbuster movie outdrew all other films last weekend.
outdrink outdrank outdrunk uống (rượu, nước) giỏi hơn ai He tried to outdrink his friend but regretted it the next day.
outdrive outdrove outdriven lái giỏi hơn, lái nhanh hơn In the car race, she outdrove all her competitors.
outfly outflew outflown bay nhanh hơn, xa hơn The new drone easily outflew its older model.
outgrow outgrew outgrown phát triển lớn hơn, vượt qua (về kích cỡ hoặc tầm vóc) He quickly outgrew all his clothes in just one summer.
outride outrode outridden cưỡi (ngựa, xe) giỏi hơn, vượt xa She outrode her friends on the cross-country trail.
outsing outsang outsung hát hay hơn, to hơn ai đó In the choir competition, she outsang her rivals effortlessly.
outspeak outspoke outspoken nói hay hơn, nói “lấn át” người khác (rất ít dùng) During the debate, she outspoke her opponent with clear arguments.
overdo overdid overdone làm quá mức She overdid the exercise and got injured.
overeat overate overeaten ăn quá mức He felt sick because he had overeaten at the buffet.
override overrode overridden ghi đè, gạt bỏ, vô hiệu hóa The manager overrode the previous decision.
overtake overtook overtaken vượt qua (xe, người) The car overtook the truck on the highway.
overthrow overthrew overthrown lật đổ, đánh đổ The rebels overthrew the corrupt regime.
overwrite overwrote overwritten ghi đè, viết đè lên Be careful not to overwrite your original document.
partake partook partaken tham gia, cùng chia sẻ He partook in the festival activities enthusiastically.
prove proved proven/proved chứng minh, chứng tỏ She proved her theory with solid evidence.
redo redid redone làm lại He redid the calculations to confirm the result.
retake retook retaken chiếm lại, làm lại (bài kiểm tra, cảnh quay) He retook the exam to improve his score.
ride rode ridden cưỡi, lái (xe đạp, xe máy) He rode his bike to work.
ring rang rung reo, rung chuông The phone rang while I was cooking.
rise rose risen mọc (mặt trời), đứng dậy, tăng The sun rose at six this morning.
see saw seen nhìn, thấy They saw a movie at the cinema.
sew sewed sewn/sewed may, khâu She sewed her own dress for the event.
shake shook shaken lắc, rung The earthquake shook the entire building.
show showed shown cho xem, trưng bày He showed me his photo album.
shrink shrank shrunk co lại, rút ngắn My shirt shrank after washing it in hot water.
shrive shrove shriven nghe xưng tội, xưng tội (rất cổ / dùng trong ngữ cảnh tôn giáo) The priest shrived the penitent on Shrove Tuesday.
sing sang sung hát She sang a beautiful song at the concert.
sink sank sunk chìm, lắng The boat sank during the storm.
slay slew slain giết, sát hại (thường dùng trong văn chương) The knight slew the dragon in the story.
smite smote smitten đánh mạnh, trừng phạt (dùng trong văn chương) The god smote his enemies with lightning.
sow sowed sown/sowed gieo (hạt) They sowed seeds in the field last spring.
speak spoke spoken nói She spoke to her boss about the schedule.
spring sprang sprung nhảy bật, nổi lên The cat sprang onto the windowsill.
steal stole stolen ăn trộm, lấy cắp Someone stole her wallet on the bus.
stink stank stunk bốc mùi, có mùi khó chịu The garbage stank in the hot sun.
strew strewed strewn/strewed rải, rắc They strewed flowers along the wedding aisle.
stride strode stridden sải bước She strode confidently into the meeting room.
strike struck struck/stricken đánh, đập, đình công The workers struck for better wages.
strive strove striven phấn đấu, nỗ lực She strove to be the best in her class.
swear swore sworn thề, chửi thề He swore to keep the secret.
swell swelled swollen/swelled sưng lên, phồng lên His ankle swelled after the injury.
swim swam swum bơi They swam in the lake to cool off.
take took taken lấy, cầm, dẫn (ai đó đi đâu) She took her dog to the vet.
tear tore torn xé, rách She tore the letter into pieces.
throw threw thrown ném, quăng He threw the ball to his teammate.
tread trod trodden/trod giẫm, đạp He trod on the grass carefully to avoid the flowers.
typewrite typewrote typewritten đánh máy (nghĩa cũ, khi máy đánh chữ còn phổ biến) She typewrote all her essays in the 1950s.
undergo underwent undergone trải qua She underwent surgery last month.
underlie underlay underlain làm nền tảng cho, nằm dưới Trust underlies a strong relationship.
undertake undertook undertaken đảm nhận, tiến hành He undertook the project despite the risks.
underwrite underwrote underwritten bảo lãnh, cam kết tài chính The bank underwrote the new business venture.
undo undid undone tháo ra, gỡ ra, hủy bỏ She undid the buttons on her coat.
unfreeze unfroze unfrozen rã đông, làm cho tan băng She unfroze the meat before cooking.
unsew unsewed unsewn/unsewed tháo đường may, gỡ vết khâu She carefully unsewed the hem to adjust the length.
unswear unswore unsworn rút lại lời thề (rất cổ) He unswore his allegiance in a moment of doubt.
unweave unwove/unweaved unwoven/unweaved tháo, gỡ vải dệt, đan lát She unwove the tapestry to reuse the thread.
unwrite unwrote unwritten xóa chữ đã viết, rút lại điều đã nói (rất hiếm, thường mang tính ẩn dụ) It’s impossible to unwrite a letter once it’s sent.
wake woke woken thức dậy, đánh thức I woke up early this morning to go jogging.
wear wore worn mặc, đội She wore her new dress to the party.
weave wove woven dệt, đan They wove baskets from bamboo.
withdraw withdrew withdrawn rút khỏi, rút lui She withdrew all her savings from the bank.
write wrote written viết He wrote a letter to his old friend.

eat, ate, eaten và write, wrote, written đứng ở nhóm bốn. be có quá khứ was hoặc were, và phân từ been. read đứng ở nhóm một, nhưng quá khứ phát âm là /red/. cost, shut và spread cũng giữ nguyên cả ba dạng. come, came, come cũng thuộc nhóm hai.

Xem thêm: Passive Voice · Reported Speech · Singular And Plural